Which of the following is NOT an advantage of GIS databases?

The aspect of reduced need for data backup is not considered an advantage of GIS databases. In fact, all databases, including GIS databases, require regular data backup as a fundamental practice to ensure data integrity, protect against data loss, and maintain the continuity of operations. The complexity and volume of data handled by GIS databases, which often include large spatial datasets, highlight the importance of robust backup strategies. In contrast, the other options represent clear advantages of GIS databases.

Integration of spatial and non-spatial data is a significant benefit as it allows users to analyze and interpret data in a more comprehensive manner, combining geographic information with additional context. Visualization of geographical information enables users to create maps and visual representations of data, making it easier to identify patterns and insights. Enhanced spatial analysis capabilities are also a hallmark of GIS technology, providing tools for complex analyses that leverage the spatial attributes of data.